Due to the continuous progress in wireless communications technology, which has led to an increasing demand for communication systems with high efficiency and high speed due to the increasing number of users, we notice the emergence of 5G networks and their wonderful performance and ease of use at the present time. Through this development in networks, it is possible to transfer huge amounts of data compared to the performance of 4G networks and at a very high speed, estimated at 100 times that of 4G. We notice in 5G networks that they provide a distinctive communication capacity, which is more suitable than previous networks, and a faster access time due to the use of the large spectrum in MM waves. [1 ].[2][3].
Under a new decision by the Federal Communications Commission, the frequency band (81-86 GHz) in the millimeter wave band has been allocated for commercial use. This decision represents an important step in the development of the telecommunications sector, as it provides a clear regulatory framework for companies to invest in this promising technology.[4.]
The millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum, spanning 30 to 300 GHz, is a pivotal enabler for the transformative capabilities of 5G and beyond. Its massive bandwidth capabilities enable unprecedented data rates, enabling seamless connectivity across a diverse ecosystem of devices. The low latency and high throughput characteristics of this technology are expected to revolutionize industries and applications. However, the propagation challenges inherent in mmWave frequencies require advanced antenna designs to maximize signal efficiency and coverage. [5]
To overcome these challenges, microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) emerge as a promising candidate due to their compact form factor and compatibility with modern manufacturing techniques. By optimizing MPA parameters to achieve high gain, wide bandwidth, and efficient radiation patterns, researchers can make significant contributions to the development of mmWave communication systems. [6]
Microstrip antennas are one of the most prominent components of modern wireless communication systems. These antennas are characterized by their small size and flexibility in formation, which makes them ideal for use in a wide range of portable electronic devices. These antennas are mainly composed of a thin layer of conductive metal, placed on top of an insulating layer. When an alternating current is applied to the microstrip antenna plate, this plate generates oscillating electric and magnetic fields. These fields interact with each other to generate electromagnetic waves that spread in space, allowing us to communicate with the world around us. Thanks to this property, flat antennas are used in many applications, such as mobile phones, routers, and many others. These antennas are characterized by high flexibility in design, which allows them to be customized for different operating frequencies. However, these antennas face some challenges, such as limited bandwidth and low efficiency in some applications. Researchers are striving to solve these challenges by developing new technologies. [7] [8.]
In the literature, researchers have found innovative solutions to address the problem of low gain and narrow bandwidth and are able to operate at high frequencies [9-13]. For example, one study [9] presented a 4.8 × 5 mm2 antenna operating at 76 GHz with an estimated reverberation loss of 20 dB. This antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 16.25 GHz and a maximum gain of 8.77 dB. Other researchers have also presented an array antenna operating at 81.75 GHz (W-band) resonance frequency [10]. This antenna has a partial bandwidth of 11.6%, a peak gain of 15 dB, and an efficiency of 50%. In addition, in [11] a striped array antenna was designed with a total antenna size of 23.8 × 28.9 mm², with a wideband resonance frequency of 83.1 GHz. This antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 5.04 GHz and a maximum gain of 14 dBi., Furthermore, in [12]others proposed a circular patch array antenna for point-to-point wireless service in the frequency range (81–86 GHz). This array of antennas resonates at 83 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 8.5 GHz, The total antenna size in [13] is 2.02 × 2.328 mm² and the maximum gain is 7.9087 dBi, while the bandwidth is 3.759% of the center frequency of 83 GHz.
This research mainly focuses on the design of a simple rectangular laminated antenna that operates efficiently in the E-band frequency range while meeting the requirements of millimeter-wave wireless networks. High gain and good bandwidth are achieved. In Table 1, we present a comparison between the antenna design and some related works in terms of resonant frequency, return loss, antenna size, maximum gain, bandwidth, and maximum gain. We show from the comparison that the proposed antenna outperforms other designs in terms of return loss and gain and also operates with higher efficiency.
Antenna Design Methodology
I designed a 5.212 x 3.4785 x 0.203 3 rectangular microstrip patch antenna at 83 GHz, a substrate material (Rogers RT 5880) and a substrate dielectric constant (=4.3), the design dimensions were obtained by mathematical equations are shown in Figure 1. The design dimensions of the antenna are given in Table 2.
Simulation results and discussion
The following section shows the design results of the antenna simulated by CST. Figure 2 shows the return loss of the designed antenna at the resonant frequency of 83 GHz, achieving a return loss of 76.48 dB. The bandwidth is 4.842 GHz, covering a frequency range from 81.4 GHz to 85.442 GHz in the millimeter wave (E-band) band. Figure 3 shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) which reaches a value of 1.0003008 at the resonant frequency. Figure 4 shows the 3D gain which measures 10.61 dB at the same resonant frequency. The antenna efficiency at the resonant frequency is shown in Figure 5, with a value of 99.08%. Finally, Figure 6 shows the electric (E) and magnetic (H) field radiation patterns of the designed antenna at 83 GHz. The radiation pattern in plane E has a definite shape, while the radiation pattern in plane H maintains astraight curved shape.
Conclusion
Antenna performance is critically dependent on the precise dimensions and spacing within its patch design. Operating at 83 GHz with an ultra-low signal reflection of 76.48 dB, this antenna is manufactured on an integrated Rogers RT 5880 chip, renowned for its ease of production. The antenna provides a 5.84% frequency bandwidth (S11 < -10 dB) between 80.622 and 85.471 GHz, consistently delivering a strong signal output. These outstanding qualities make the antenna exceptionally ideal for high-speed data transfer and advanced millimeter wave applications.
By: Haitham Ahmed gassar Mohammed Farhan
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