The article is developed in partnership with BetterHelp.
With all of the different parenting techniques and advice out there, it can be hard to know how to find the right balance. You may find yourself wondering, am I being too harsh on my children? Or am I not being strict enough? While parenting is something that doesn’t come with one right formula, experts have found that there are four distinct parenting dynamics that often play out in families. In this article, we will discuss what these four parenting styles are, the effects they may have on children, and which style has been linked with the most positive outcomes.
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An Overview of the 4 Parenting Styles
Psychologist Diane Baumrind studied childrens’ interactions with their parents and identified four distinct parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved, and authoritative. Each of these dynamics is characterized by distinct differences in a parents’ sensitivity to their child’s needs and emotions, as well as the presence of healthy boundaries and disciplinary strategies. Let’s take a look at each of the four parenting styles:
Authoritarian parenting is characterized by parents placing high demands on their children with minimal sensitivity towards their opinions or feelings. In an authoritarian household, a parent enforces strict rules and provides little explanation for the reasoning behind them. It is common for a child of an authoritarian parent to feel like they have a lack of control over their lives, which can lead to the build-up of stress, anxiety or anger. They may also experience low self-esteem and question whether their thoughts or opinions matter.
Permissive parenting involves a high level of warmth and sensitivity, but a lack of boundaries and structure. These parents typically take a step back and allow their child to make decisions on their own. They tend to be uncomfortable with saying no to their child, enforcing rules or providing punishment when necessary. They often emphasize being liked by their child over anything else. Children of permissive parents may experience more challenges academically and behaviorally, or have low self-esteem.
Uninvolved parenting This parenting style is defined by disconnection with ones’ child and their daily activities. An uninvolved parent generally does not devote adequate time or energy to engage with their child. There are many reasons that a parent may be uninvolved, such as living their own mental health challenges, substance dependence, or navigating other stressors like work or financial difficulties. Whether a parent is absent physically or emotionally, they are not attuned to their child and their needs, and there is a lack of guidance or affirmation. Uninvolved parenting is thought to be the most harmful to a child in their growth and development, as they may experience challenges in various areas from school, relationships to mental health.
Authoritative parenting strikes a balance between emotional warmth and sensitivity with the setting of healthy boundaries and clear expectations. In this style of parenting, children are encouraged to share their emotions and feelings, while ultimately it is understood that the parent will have the final say. There is the use of strategies like positive reinforcement to help children develop desirable behaviors. Authoritative parenting is linked with children who develop strong social skills and an increased ability to regulate their emotions and behavior.
Which Parenting Style is the Most Effective?
Research has revealed that authoritative parenting is connected to the most positive outcomes for children as they grow and mature. It is believed that kids who grow up in authoritative households are more likely to become self-reliant, academically successful, and build healthy relationships with others. There is also a reduced risk for depression, anxiety, and substance use among children raised by authoritative parents. It is important to note that authoritative parenting will likely look different in each family, as cultural contexts often play a role in how families interact as well.
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